PPLEB118 Good things to know - 230413THU

PPLEB118 Good things to know - 230413THU

 

1. Demonstrative Pronouns

 

A 이것이 무엇입니까?

What is this?

B 이것은 연필입니다.

This is a pencil.

 

A 그것이 무엇입니까?

What is that?

B 이것은 가방입니다.

That's a bag.

 

A 저것이 무엇입니까?

What is that (over there)?

B 저것은 시계입니다.

That's a clock.

 

When indicating an object or location, 이/그/저 is used in front of the noun representing it.

Of these, 이 is used when the noun is close to the speaker, is used when it is close to the listener, and is used when it is located away from both the speaker and listener.

 

 

When the particle 이 is added to 이것, 그것, and 저것, the result is 이것이 그것이, and 저것이.

However, conversation these forms are contracted to 이게 그게, and 저게. The particles 은 and 을 are also contracted in the same way.

 

이것이 → 이게

그것이 → 그게

저것이 → 저게

 

이것은 → 이건

그것은 → 그건

저것은 → 저건

 

이것을 → 이걸

그것을 → 그걸

저것을 → 저걸

 

A 이건 뭐예요?

What is this?

B 이건 꽃이에요.

This is a flower.

 

A 너무 커요. 이걸 어떻게 먹어요?

It's too big. I can't eat this. (How is one to eat this?)

B 그럼 저게 작으니까 저걸 드세요.

Then eat that one (over there) because it's smaller.

 

Demonstrative pronouns are also used to refer to something already mentioned in a particular context.

 

어제 동대문 시장에 갔어요. Yesterday, I went to Namdaemun Market.

거기는 예쁜 옷이 아주 많았어요. There were lots of pretty clothes there.

(거기 = 동대문 시장) / (there = Namdaemun Market)

 

지난주에 댄 씨를 만났어요

I met Dane last week.

그 분은 아주 친절했어요.

He (that person) was very kind.

(그 분 = 댄씨) / (He = Dane)

2. Temporal Adverbs

 

01

아직 (not) yet, still / 이미 already (previously) / 벌써 already (sosoon)

 

* 아직 (not) yet, still, only

(1) 아직 indicates that more time must pass before something can happen or some state can be reached. It is used together with negative expressions.

 

* 이미 Already (Previously)

Indicates something that has completely finished or already passed by.

 

A 지금 가면 영화를 볼 수 있을까요?

Do you think we can see the movie if we go now?

B 아니요. 지금 6:40분이에요. 이미 늦었으니까 9시 영화를 봅시다.

No, it's 6:40 now. It's already too late, so let's see the 9:00 movie.

 

A 댄 씨를 만나고 싶은데 지금 한국에 있어요?

I'd like to meet with Dane. Is he in Korea now?

B 이미 미국으로 떠났어요.

He's already left for the U.S.

(Dane has gone to the U.S.. and thus there is no way to meet him even if one wanted to.)

 

* 벌써 Already (So soon)

 

Sooner than expected.

 

A 저녁에 뭐 먹고 싶어요?

What do you want to eat for dinner?

B 저녁 먹었는데요.

I've eaten dinner.

A 5시인데 벌써 먹었어요?

It's 5:00, and you've already eaten?

 

A 댄 씨를 만나고 싶은데 지금 한국에 있어요?

I'd like to meet with Dane. Is he in Korea now?

B 지난주에 미국으로 떠났어요.

He left for the U.S. last week.

A 벌써 떠났어요? He's already left?

(Dane left for the U.S. sooner than expected.)

02

지금 (right) now / 이제 (from) now / 요즘 recently

 

* 지금 (Right) Now

The precise moment when the speaker is speaking.

A 지금 뭐하고 있어요?

What are you doing (right) now?

B 음악을 듣고 있어요.

Listening to music.

 

• 지금 공부하고 있어요. (O)

(I) am studying now.

• (일 이외의 다른 것을 하고 있다가) 자, 지금 일합시다. (X)

* 이제 (From) Now

Can mean 'now' but has a sense of separation from the past and includes a sense of 'from now.'

 

A 이제 그 식당에 안 갈 거예요.

I won't go to that restaurant anymore (from now on).

B 왜요? 음식이 맛이 없어요?

Why? Is the food not good?

 

cannot be used with the present progressive form of verbs -고 있다.

 

• 이제 공부하고 있어요. (X)

• (일 이외의 다른 것을 하고 있다가) 자, 이제 일합시다. (O)

(After doing something unrelated to one's work)

Okay, let's get to work.

* 요즘 recently

요즘 refers to the period of time beginning a short time ago until the present.

 

A 요즘 피곤하세요?

Have you been tired recently?

B 네, 조금 피곤해요.

Yes, (I've been) a little tired.

 

A 요즘 어떤 헤어스타일이 유행이에요?

What's been the popular hairstyle recently?

B 단발머리가 유행이에요.

Bobbed hair is popular.

03

먼저 first / 아까 a while ago / 나중에 later / 이따가 in a little while

 

* 먼저 first

먼저 refers to something being first in temporal order.

 

A 나탈리아 씨, 점심 안 먹어요?

Natalie, aren’t you going to have lunch?

B 저는 지금 할 일이 있으니까 먼저 드세요.

Please eat first because I have something to take care of.

 

A 민우 씨는 갔어요?

Did Minu leave?

B 네, 약속이 있어서 먼저 갔어요.

Yes, he left (first) because he has to meet somebody.

 

* 아까 a while ago

아까 refers to a time just before the present that is within the same day; earlier.

 

A 댄씨 봤어요?

Have you seen Dane?

B 아까 도서관에 가는 거 봤어요.

I saw him going to the library a while ago.

 

A 아까 커피숍에서 인사한 사람이 누구예요?

Who was that person who greeted (you/us) earlier at the coffee shop?

B 대학교 때 후배예요.

He/she's one of my younger classmates from undergraduate school.

 

* 이따가 In a little while

After a little time has passed.

 

A 오늘 영화 보러 갈 거야?

Are you going to go see a movie today?

B 응, 이따가 갈 거야.

Yeah, in a little while.

 

A 오늘 모임에 와요?

Are you coming to the meeting today?

B 네, 이따가 만나요.

Yes. See you in a little while.

(They will meet later today after some time has passed.)

 

A 언제 결혼할 거예요?

When will you get married?

B 이따가 결혼할 거예요. (X)

* 나중에 Later

After some time has passed and after one has finished doing some other task. The range of time can be within the same day or sometime in the future.

 

A 여보세요? 댄 씨, 지금 전화할 수 있어요?

Hello? Dane, can you talk now?

B 미안해요. 지금 바쁘니까 나중에 전화할게요.

Sorry. I'm busy right now, so I'll call you later.

 

A 오늘 모임에 와요?

Are you coming to the meeting today?

B 아니요, 못 가요. 우리 나중에 만나요.

No. I can't attend. Let's meet up later.

 

(It won't be later today, but they will meet sometime in the future after some time has passed.)

 

 

3. Frequency Adverbs

 

 

항상, 언제나 always / 자주 often / 가끔 sometimes

거의 ~지 않다 hardly / 전혀 ~지 않다 never

 

늘 (항상 • 언제나), 자주, and 가끔 are used in positive sentences while 별로 and 전혀 are used in negative sentences.

 

• 저는 매일 아침에 운동해요. 항상(언제나) 운동해요.

I exercise every day in the morning. I always exercise.

 

• 저는 일주일에 4번 운동해요. 자주 운동해요.

I exercise four times a week. I exercise often.

 

• 저는 일주일에 한 번 운동해요. 가끔 운동해요.

I exercise once a week. I sometimes exercise.

 

• 저는 한 달에 한 번 운동해요. 거의 운동을 하지 않아요.

I exercise once a month. I hardly (ever) exercise.

 

• 저는 운동을 싫어해요. 전혀 운동을 하지 않아요.

I don't like to exercise. I never exercise.

4. Connective Adverbs

 

01

그리고 and

 

그리고 is used when indicating that two sentences form a list or series or that the two sentences are in temporal order. It means 'and' in English.

 

• 하영 씨는 날씬해요. 그리고 예뻐요.

Hayeong is thin. And she's pretty.

• 농구를 좋아해요. 그리고 축구도 좋아해요.

I like basketball. And I like soccer, too.

• 주말에 친구를 만났어요. 그리고 같이 영화를 봤어요.

I met a friend on the weekend. And we saw a movie together.

 

02

그렇지만 however

 

그렇지만 is used when the content of the first sentence is in contrast with that of the second sentence. It means 'however' or 'but' in English. Both X and 121L also have the same meaning, but 하지만 is used mainly in colloquial speech while 그러나 is used mainly in the written, literary style.

 

• 요코 씨는 일본 사람이에요. 그렇지만 재준 씨는 한국 사람이에요.

Yoko is Japanese. However, Jaejun is Korean.

• 한국어는 영어와 다릅니다. 그러나 배우기 어렵지 않습니다.

Korean is different from English. However, it is not difficult to learn.

• 고기를 좋아해요. 하지만 야채는 안 좋아해요.

I like (to eat) meat. But I don't like vegetables.

 

03

그래서 so, that is why

 

그래서 is used when the first sentence is the reason or cause for the result described in the second sentence. It means (and) so' or 'that is why' in English.

 

A 어디 아파요?

Where does it hurt?

B 어제 술을 많이 마셨어요. 그래서 머리가 아파요.

I drank a lot of alcohol last night. So my head hurts.

 

A 왜 차가 안가요?

Why aren't we moving (while traveling in this car)?

B 주말이에요. 그래서 길이 막혀요.

It's the weekend and so there's a lot of traffic.

 

• 외국 사람입니다. 그래서 한국말을 못합니다.

I'm a foreigner, so that's why I can't speak Korean.

04

그러니까 therefore, for that reason

 

그러니까 is used when the first sentence is the inevitable or natural reason for the second sentence. It means 'therefore' in English. Normally, 그러니까 is followed by -(으)세요. -(으)ㅂ시다. -아/어야 하다. or -(으)ㄹ 거다.

 

• 비가 와요. 그러니까 우산을 가져가세요.

It's raining. Therefore (you should) take an umbrella with you.

• 이 영화는 재미없어요. 그러니까 다른 영화를 봅시다.

This movie's boring, So (for that reason) let's see a different one.

• 한국 대학교에 입학하고 싶어요. 그리고 한국 회사에 취직해서 한국에서서 살고 싶어요. 그러니까 한국말을 열심히 공부할 거예요.

I want to enter a Korean university. And I want to get a job at a Korean company and live in Korea. Therefore (for those reasons), I plan to study Korean diligently.

 

A 여보, 우리 차가 있는데 왜 버스를 타요?

Dear, why are we taking the bus when we have a car?

B 자동차가 고장 났어요. 그러니까 버스를 타야 해요.

The car broke down, so therefore we have to take the bus.

 

05

그러면 then, in that case

 

그러면 indicates that the first sentence is the premise or assumption behind the second sentence. It means 'then' or 'in that case' in English. In colloquial speech, the contracted form of is used often in place of 그러면.

 

A 점심시간이에요. 배가 고파요.

It's lunchtime. I'm hungry.

B 그러면 (=그럼) 같이 식당에 가서 식사할까요?

In that case, shall we go to a restaurant and eat together?

 

A 한국말을 잘하고 싶어요.

I want to be able to speak Korean well.

B 그래요? 그러면 한국 친구를 사귀세요.

Really? Then you should make some Korean friends.

 

• 나는 피곤할 때 목욕을 해요. 그러면 기분이 좋아져요.

When I'm tired, I take a bath. Then I feel better.

06

그런데 however, by the way

 

그런데 indicates that the first sentence is background information about the second sentence. In this sense, it corresponds to 'however,' 'by the way,' or 'now' in English.

 

(1) It can be used when the first and second sentences are in contrast, In this sense, it means the same as 그렇지만.

 

• 아버지는 키가 작아요. 그런데 아들은 키가 커요.

The father is short. However, his son is tall.

 

(2) It can be used when the first sentence provides background or other information related to the situation described in the second sentence. In this sense it corresponds to '(and) yet' or 'and then (to one's surprise)' in English.

 

• 어제 명동에 갔어요. 그런데 거기에서 영화배우를 봤어요.

I went to Myeongdong yesterday. And (to my surprise), I saw a movie star there.

 

(3) It can be used when the speaker broaches a new topic rather than continues to speak about the topic under discussion.

 

A 올해 나이가 어떻게 되세요?

How old are you this year?

B 네?…저 그런데 지금 몇 시예요? Pardon? I, oh, by the way, what time is it now?

 

07

그래도 but (still), nevertheless

 

그래도 indicates that what is stated in the second sentence is true regardless of what is stated in the first. It means 'but' (still) or 'nevertheless' in English.

 

• 아까 밥을 많이 먹었어요. 그래도 배가 고파요.

I ate so much a little while ago. But I'm still hungry.

• 5년 동안 한국에서 살았어요. 그래도 아직 한국말을 잘 못해요.

I lived in Korea for five years. But I still can't speak Korean well.

• 그 여자는 나를 좋아하지 않아요. 그래도 나는 그 여자를 좋아해요.

That girl doesn't like me. Nevertheless, I like her.